Sects Cults and Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Sects Cults and Catholic Church EssayThe Seventh Day Adventists A sect is a religious group with moot beliefs, they are groups that break away from a main group/religion and form their own set of beliefs, which differ from the teachings of their parent group. Sects also reject the ascendence of their parent group. The Seventh Day Adventists is an example of a group that broke away from their parent religions of Millerite Movement and Christianity, to become a sect.New York was the home of the 1840s Millerite reason Millerites were followers of he teachings of William Miller who prophesied the second coming of Jesus Christ to Earth on the 22nd October 1844. When Jesus did not appear on this daytime the Millerites dissolved, however from the ashes of one movement came the next as the Seventh Day Adventists arose from the disbanded Millerites. The Seventh Day Adventist Church was officially founded in 1863 and the four founding fgures were Joseph Bates, pack White, Ellen G. Wh ite and J. N.Andrews. The Church quickly became popular and began to spread worldwide, reaching the shores of New Zealand in the 1880s only shortly after its official establishment nates in the States. Today the Seventh Day Adventist Church boasts over 16 million members globally and is the twelfth largest religious body in the world.

Study on Is Accounting Profession under Threat

news report on Is accounting Profession under Threat fresh events in global pecuniary gentleman that is dissolution of companies due to continuous losses has made people to question the efficiency and honesty of the credit lineal restrainers in discharging their duties for the interest of public and nine. These events return forced global pecuniary scholars and experts to think about the future scope of this craft.this article mainly commission on challenges to be employment in the context of strategical circumspection account statement in connections with commercial enterprise firms expectations and the expectations of stakeholders and communities which ensure that the controls will function for the benefits of society and public. The expectations of employers of business enterprise relationship graduates is luxuriouslyer when we liken with the present academic system which indicates that the present academic courses should be upgraded as the business firms a r expecting only real professionals who can be commensurate to turn over any type of business environment and they should be flexible to the future changes in business environment. Their ultimate responsibility is to make the business firm cartel worthy in the eyes of clients and some other stakeholders and society. Today the demand from business firms for history professional with sophisticated modern be skills is caused revolutionary changes in the be and financial management graduation courses importance of discipline knowledge.The internal and global challenges on the professions link to financial management may be involve follow the confidence of public and stakeholders of the business and operating merchandises, alter the performance of professional accountants and auditors, understanding the increased role of external auditors, preventing the corruption the system of public audit, and making the financial statements and reports trust worthy in the eyes of concerne d parties. Todays business environment is very sensitive to the changes in its components such as technology or markets the accounting professionals to work hard with efficiency and honesty to run across these challenges effectively.IntroductionIn todays business environment argon professional accountants directly responsible to their nodes, companies and to the society and in like manner they should know possible intelligent obligations to the stakeholders. Accounting profession is non only restrict to preparing accounting statements but also involves in wide sort of functions which provides inputs to the managerial ending making. If an accounting professional is not able to perform his duty and responsibilities in satisfied level according to the universal standards it is the study obligation in the hands of an accountant. Compared to other type of professions this profession has its own code of ethics hence it is dignified and respective profession which provides real istic inputs for the effective decision making. move on Strategic Management AccountingDuring the past two decades, many organizations in business and pay sectors make water to face changes in their business environment. sparing reform polices by the developing countries, policies, competition from multinational companies in local markets has resulted in a typical office staff, where most companies are now competing in a highly competitive global market. In addition at that place has been a significant reduction in product life cycle arising from rapid changes in technological innovations and the consider to meet sophisticated customer demands. To compete successfully in global environment, companies have to work towards to satisfy made customer demands. They have forced to require sweet Management strategies, changed their business systems and invested in new technologies. The increasing competition has affected their profits and more than attention is required to be paid to the various aspects of Management accounting aspects. These changes have had a significant influence on strategic Management accounting systems. Role of professional accountant has no longer remained that of an accountant, but he has assumed a significant role in improving the competitiveness of firms.5Strategic Management Accounting is the branch of management accounting which mainly focus the uncontrollable factors which a business firm should more concentrate, and these factors may be financially or non financially but related to the financial and business decisions of the firm.According to the Ken Simmonds, the formulation of business strategy of the firm mainly depends on the financial nurture of the firm and the competing firms. This information may involve details of Production costs, product price, production volume, Market size, availability of cash resources and other resources such as raw materials which should be emphasized.But prof Bromwichn compared the past practi ces in management accounting which have modified with new directions including the active role of professional accountants in business decision makings. These directions may be towards the inclusive of financial information into strategy for cost analysis that is the basic for all future business decisions. Other directions towards having updated information bank related to the strategies of competitors curiously their costing methods, cost structures and costing decisions.The limitation of traditional management accounting in the areas analysis of cost and cost related activities is significant which gives birth to the maturation of modern strategic management accounting system. Traditional management accounting system has no particular techniques to ascertain the costing methods and situation of competitors but decisions are found on only the information from financial statements. Modern strategic management accounting has its own techniques to ascertain cost position. It also helps business firms to how to master cost advantages current as well as future years. In this context the role of Accounting professional is very important for the survival of business firm compared to every angle of the present business environment.Accounting professionIn the context of professional accounting, the power and responsibility of an accountant can be justified when financial statements provides expected information according to the objectives functions especially protection of public and affable interest. Under flexible business environment Accountants are vested with decorous power in order to perform their functions without any interruption for the healthy future of business firm.. According to the scholars the up gradation of accounting skill is a specific task as the accounting profession also one of the component of employment structure which is influenced by policies of government and economic policies.. There is a argument the accounting skills and knowledge should be revised and updated time to time because these skills and knowledge should be according to the changing expectations of the society and the stakeholders of the business firm. But as a professional an accountant should utilize these skills and knowledge in optimum level for the interest of the employer as well as interested parties. . The accounting profession has gained enough importance especially it is the sole body which has the ultimate authority on the financial related issues and outlets. The one of the primary objectives is to work for the benefit of social interests that has analyzed for making the accounting progression as an appropriate occupation in modern employment world. And According to some experts.. Accountants with traditional views are no longer sustaining in the present environment. According to the research the Todays accounting and auditing methods are in modified forms compared to traditional methods of accounting.Changing role of AccountantTodays accountants should mostly focus on knowledge, skills and ability to manage these as a particular service. This requirement in business environment has created business and ethical issues for the accountants/ auditors and their customers. This includes problem-solving and customer advice features of the skilled professional. Changes also include the over emphasis on specific training for developing practical skills as part preparing of new graduates to the practical business world. The introduction of these practical training in academic degrees involves uncertainty and time frame because the academic institutions should ready for accepting the current changes. Companys especially multinational companies mainly concentrate on these practical skills but facing problems of assessment for right candidates with practical knowledge.Challenges to Accounting ProfessionDue to the influence of globalization changes in financial strategies have been bear upon almost every business and servic es around the world. Especially Accounting and finance sector is directly affected, financial experts world wide are working(a) for the improvements of the accounting system. Several seminars are going on in this regard financial professionals, scholars have to share their ideas and views on the present challenges in finance and accounting today, and acquire sophisticated skills in order to face globalization effect. Today global recession and financial conflicts has developed new trend of threats and challenges. According to the experts of multinational Accounting Standards Board, the global financial conflict is the main which emphasized transference in financial reporting and flexible accounting standard with definite regulation to face the new trend in future. The context and dynamics of modern strategic management accounting the changes in the accounting skills have forced to adopt by professional accountants who are cautious to provide value added service for their customer s. globalization process has made the business activities to cross the boundaries of nations. The global financial and business environment has put pressure on professional accountants and auditors as they are the important information providers for the business success.Every company seeks opportunities in global market for the expansion of the business. But uncertainty in market conditions and rapid innovations in technology have made themselves to face any type of business situation for the interest of all their stakeholders where their business strategies, their market share and capital adjustments also subject to changes along with the marginal profit.Internal challengesThe first challenge to professional accountant is the measurement of financial performance. Revenue is a single measurable indicator of financial performance. The common feeling is that over-emphasis on revenues, unscientific ways of their analysis and interpretations financial information. But this information is the basis for long term business decisions.Secondly issues regarding historical accounting information and statements. Some times there is feeling that a balance sheet prepared imperfect way and it does not fall upon accrued profits based on future changes in market condition. This is the major draw back in disclosing true financial information of the company.Thirdly financial statements do not measure the assets and liabilities on the basis of todays accounting standard. indeed investors may be misled in making investment decisions, which will put them at greater investment risk. They also need the information regarding the value saving grace and other intangibles and capital structure.Lastly the financial and accounting statements show only historical transactions and facts and they dont concentrate much on the future events and transactions. They put limited attention on the hard profits and also limited attention to the required process for maximization of wealth.Challenge s of GlobalizationInnovations in technology are the superior affect on the profession and present system failure to coop with this challenge may be resulted in the devaluation of the importance of the profession. The introduction of the information technology has greatly influence the system in which companies do business, structure their organization and operate their reporting systems and each of these are the considerable challenges for the accounting profession.E- Business has introduced new business risks along with the great advantages which a professional accountant should take into account. The unauthorized access company information increased volume of business as created credit risks and the proper allocation of income and expenses,Accounting firms and professionals should be concentrate on with these risks. The changes in Government financial police and company the annual financial statements and other communications can be communicated to the concerned parties through t he electronic media or through web sites.Out of dated information will not reveal clear picture and hence share price of the company affected. Market expects the clear picture of financial and business performance and there are pressures on firms o provide such information when required.Lastly the centralization of accounting system and accounting information systems will be the top management based decision where accounting is considered as secondary issue. Branch accounting is in declining trend today information will be directly flow to the aim office of the firms.Globalization can be defined as the existence of a situation where there is an easy access to any part of the world. It is in the form of information on any subject matter. A professional accountant should face several challenges with this situation businesses expand sometimes beyond countrified borders in response to globalization. In market led globalization model an accounting professionals should play a dominant r ole. To make the Global markets to function properly, the accounting profession must adapt and modernize in response to the globalization of finance and investment. In corporate-led model of globalization the accounting profession does not plainly adapt to forces of globalization. But accounting indus tense up has played and continues to play an active role in the structuring global markets for accounting services. Due to the globalization there are some threats to accountants and the accounting profession as a wholeAccountants working for foreign-owned companies, their knowledge, skills, and abilities may be restrict them to performing only low-value, compliance-oriented work. Accounting professionals can be also benefited from the effects of globalization. These are Accountants who are ready to expand their financial accounting knowledge, skills, and abilities they can conk out expertise in understanding of changing business requirements. Accountants with their theoretical knowl edge, skills, and abilities with the performance oriented knowledge, skills, and abilities of management accounting can be achieve high level of experience in this context.Today businesses become progressively globalize, 10there is clearly more pressure on accountants to increase the knowledge, skill, and abilities beyond their present limit of functioning in order to fit well into the globalization of the twenty-first century. In this context the accounting profession has an important role in assisting firms to face competitive finance and business environmentImplications of AcademiciansThe role of the accountant in past was just recording the facts and figures but the role of the professional accountant has been criticized by many scholars and analysts over the decades, especially the accounting skills developed by students of accounting management schools This demand primarily developed in Academic level, the. The need for this change is based on a number of draw backs identifie d in the skills taught in graduation schools that students when bring to the practical world. Another criticism is these 1skills cannot be efficiently being taught in schools where the employment is dominated by specialized technical skills. Requisite skills required by future professional accountants and auditors will include easy learnable professional skills along with ethics.These specific skills are necessary for modern business environment because it helps business entities to 1solve the diversity of business challenges. This is the main challenge for the academic institutions to balance between accounting graduate skills which are theoretical in spirit and skills sought by modern business entities. There is gap between the actual school syllabus and the knowledge expected by companies. The academic institutions should try to train accounting graduates to suit the interest and expectations o the employers. The accounting1graduates with sophisticated skills are in an environm ent that requires accountants to show high level of technical performance to meet the demands of financial and business entities. Number of comments and opinions from global academicians and practitioners has forced the Government authorities and International Regulatory Bodies related to accounting issues to make revolutionary changes in the accounting standards, methods and techniques which are relevant to future years. Majority Charted accountants and Accounting professionals feels present accounting system is not according to the requirements of modern business and it is less flexible to the changing environment. These academicians and practitioners agree that if accounting is to serve a useful role in the changing environment, academic education in accounting and scope of research should become broader, dynamic and not limited by a single approach. Despite these matters, the academicians and practitioners feel that present academic programmes in Accounting and finance area shou ld be reviewed according to the demand from job market. Professional Ethics The corporate financial conflicts has given good inputs to finance professionals and for the monitoring of accounting system.Continuous effort from academicians and financial experts in developed countries there are strategic changes in academic education and training programmes, professional accountants should be able to develop the specific skills they need to successfully compete in the employment market for new types of information and financial services. This vision is used by many of the professions leaders. As per the study in U.S.A there are considerable increase in the number of professional accountants and AICPA membership during the period from 1970 to 1994.This indicates that in developed courtiers are ready to face the challenges.Study in U.S.A(Courtesy Annual report AICPA)Table 1Total Accounting EmploymentYearNumbers in Thousands1970646198010131990144619941483Table 2Membership in AICPAYearNumbe rs in Thousands197074198016119902961994319Impact of Challenges on Strategic Management AccountingDuring the past two decades, many organizations in business and finance sectors have to face changes in their business environment. Economic reform polices by the developing countries, business policies and competition from multinational companies in local markets has resulted in a typical situation, where most companies have to face severe competition from rival business firms in a highly competitive situation. In addition there has been a change accompanyd in business life cycle due to rapid changes in technological innovations and the need to meet sophisticated customer demands because production of each product is considered as a independent business. To compete successfully in global environment, companies have to work towards to satisfy made customer demands. They have forced to adopt new Management and financial strategies, changed their accounting systems and investment in new t echnologies. The increasing competition has affected their profits and more attention is required to be paid to the various aspects of strategic Management accounting aspects. These global challenges have had a significant influence on strategic Management accounting systems. Role of professional accountant has no longer remained that of an accountant, but he has assumed a significant role in improving the competitiveness of firms.Professional EthicsThe financial crisis has given good inputs to finance professionals and for the monitoring of accounting system. Today accounting professionals in the business sector should not only concentrate on earning of revenue, but also take into account the public and external parties related to the business. The present accounting system should be able to create ethical environment for the benefit of society in generally and stakeholders particularly.Directions for Ethical PerformanceThe directions towards performing the duty in ethical way Glob al Charted Accountants Associations encourage accountants and Auditors to conduct them effectively and to do quality internal and external auditing in appropriate manner and other accounting functions. Professional Institutes should develop high level auditing standards and ethics their applications in practical world. There are so many ethical obligations which make auditors in right path of accounting standards and legitimate obligations.Figure 1.Ethical codesGeographical study requirementsQuality controlLegal registrationProfessional programs, training and examinationsContinuing education requirementsLegal liabilityAccounting standardsConduct of professional Accounting firm personnelFuture of the Accounting ProfessionIntroduction of specific knowledge and the increased expectations from global business world today accounting profession is a specialized profession, which is resulted in great the movement toward up gradation of accounting graduate or professional education. Advanc ed programmes in estimator technology and its role in updating the information for concerned parties of the business, financial experts are expecting t the new trend in information technology and communications which will reshape the accounting employment structure.Computers are today important part of the accounting information system. Introduction of new computer software programmes has given considerable contribution for the modification of business and accounting from the last decade and will continue to the future also. These days we can observe that the new accounting softwares decrease the work load of accounting firms which is resulted in the decrease of employing fresh candidates for accounting work. But developments in accounting profession have shown steady growth from last 20 years despite the increased use of computer information systems to perform routine accounting tasks.Suggestions and Recommendationsaccounting profession have an significant role in assisting the ma nagement for business decisions to not only contribute for strengthening the financial position but also should be modified to analyze management risk factors as the parallel profession to management graduation, for firms operational and strategic decisions .These personnel should also be able to forewarn and manage risks factors arising from bulk volume of financial transactions which made the firms vulnerable to uncertainty and unexpected price variations.As the scope for this profession increased, it will bugger off itself facing increasingly conflicting pressures arising from convergence. It should be designed to establish proper balance manage internal financial conflicts and external conflicts related to firms financial matter and should be able to these commercial interests to introduce the ability to act as a trusted and independent professional business consultant and advisor.The accounting profession should extend its role and responsibility for promoting good corporate business environment. It should also be concerned for sustaining of good corporate governance is not only fulfilling legal obligations but also should be based on values and ethics.

The tragedy of Hamlet

The tragedy of HamletFeminism is the move handst that advocates for womens right, interests, and sexual activity equality. A feminist lens discount be sustain by writers to show injustices in women by aspects such as sexual objectification and stereotyping. In Shakespe atomic number 18sThe Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, character Ophelia can be analyzed finished a feminist lens to give out understand her purpose in the play and Shakespeares views of women in society.Freudian critic, Jacques Lacan answers a very prominent interrogatory. What is the point of the character of Ophelia? apparently she is essential, for she is linked for of all time, for centuries, to the figure of Hamlet.(Lacan) Ophelia is used as a character to develop Hamlet. Her motives attend dominated by the characters around her with whom she interacts with, until she is driven to madness. In a sense, Ophelia is a sympathetic and engaging pawn in the drama that is surrounded by force-outful men her father Polonius, her brother Laertes, and Hamlet. Her madness can be linked to the abandonment of these men Laertes leaves, Polonius dies, and Hamlet abandons her, because she no longer has the authority of the male world. By developing Ophelia as a character that relies on other mens judgements, Shakespeare supports principles of womens liberation movement stating that women are oppressed by men in society.A critical reading of Act 3, Scene 1 uses the interaction between Hamlet and Ophelia to go for a feminist reading. In this scene, Hamlet has just given his To be, or not to be soliloquy when Ophelia enters to converse with Hamlet. Through a feminist perspective, the conditional relation of the scene comes when Ophelia asks Could beauty, my lord, have better commerce than with h wizardsty? (line 111) and Hamlet replies Ay, truly, for the power of beauty will sooner transformhonesty from what it is to a bawd than the force of honesty can translate beauty into his likeness. (line s 113-115). The text serves as a reflection of the internal judgements of Hamlet. Hamlet at the moment is dealing with a life crisis. His father was killed by his uncle, his mother has remarried, and the ghost of his father has urged him to revenge his death. The text shows how Hamlet has stereotyped all women as whores because he feels that his mother has forgotten about his father far-off too quickly. In the same scene, Hamlet further explains his thoughts of women as he remarks if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool, for wise men distinguish well enough what monsters you make of them. (lines 139-141). He is lashing at Ophelia by telling her that women are unfaithful and driven by lust. As Hamlet accuses Ophelia of cosmos like all other women he has once again stereotyped women in society. As a whole, both of these examples have helped the ratifier to understand William Shakespeares views of women in society as dependent on men and weak because they are driven by desire.The basic principles of a feminist theory state that the consanguinity between men and women has almost always been unequal and oppressive. The extent of inequality and oppressiveness has varied through history. That know societies have been patriarchal. Patriarchy is a administration of rules in which males dominate females. That all major social institutions have been characterized by male dominance in aspects such as economy, political system and family. A feminist theory also explain that sex and gender are not the same thing because sex is a biological category piece of music gender is a social condition. French feminist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir writes One is not born, but rather becomes, a cleaning lady. The belief of difference in sex and gender also means that, males and females are socialized to become masculine and feminine. These are social characteristics implied by society, not biological essences.Novelist Simone de Beauvoir wrote a founding document of recent fe minism in 1949.The Second Sexchanged the lives of many women. The Second Sex is one of the earliest attempts to confront human history from a feminist perspective shown through the effort of Beauvoir to locate the source of imbalanced gender percentages in society. Today, many regard this masterwork as not only as pillar of feminist thought but of twentieth-century philosophy in general. The thesis of The Second Sex is that men fundamentally oppress women by characterizing them, on every level, as the Other, defined exclusively in opposition to men. Beauvoir believes that man occupies the component part of subject while the woman is left as the other. Man is essential and absolute while woman is inessential and incomplete. The distinction that is basis for many of Beauvoirs later arguments he creates, acts, or invents while she waits for him to save her. De Beauvoir writes that it is natural for humans to understand opposition to others, however, the process does not apply to se x because by defining a woman as other, man is denying her of humanity. In Book II of the chronicles of the Second Sex, she traces the development of a woman through stages of life which include her childhood, her youth, and her sexual initiation. By doing so she proves that women are not born feminine, but instead are shaped by external forces. In this book, De Beauvoir shows how females are conditioned to accept passivity and dependence in every stage of her life. Processes in society deprive women of equality and oppress her into the other. After organism denied the possibility of independent work or fulfillment, the woman must accept a life of housework, childbearing, and sexual slavishness. Beauvoir then continues to analyze the roles of woman in adulthood. She states that woman performs three major functions wife, mother, and entertainer.The Feminine Mystique, written by Betty Friedan is another feminist novel that is regarded as one of the most influential books of the 20th c entury. Friedan expressed her beliefs that women are victims of a wrong belief system that forces them to find identity and meaning in their lives through the role of a housewife and mother. Such a system terminates a womans possibility of developing their own identity and forces them to come to terms with the identity as a housewife and mother through her husband and children. Friedan show her belief that women would only be liberated if they were given the same economic opportunities as men. Like wise, resolutions to oppression of women in society have the same views on liberation of women. To achieve liberation women must acquire economic power, by providing women with such opportunities, this will provide access to other forms of power. Such power includes political, ideological, and power within a family.Affirming Ophelia an independent character is difficult because she seems to not have past. In opposition to Hamlet, his past is known through the death of his father, his ch ildhood and education, and the endorser is informed of the relationship between Hamlet and his old friends. Ophelia does not seem to have a past. Thus, making it difficult to develop her character as independent. Shakespeare keeps Ophelia as a mysterious character, only appearing in five of the plays scenes. The relationship between her and Hamlet is only knows through scarce flashbacks of Ophelia. Feminist critic Juliet Dusinberre notices that the solid ground for Ophelias lack of independence is a result of a repressive double standard inherited in our traditions. Her father, Polonius, allows his son to become independent by sledding for the university to pursue his wild oats. He does so in order for Laertes to learn from his errors and how to be true to himself. For, if he can be true to himself then he shall be true to other men. However, his daughter must not rely on her own judgement. Instead, he advices her to think yourself a baby (I.III.line 105) Her brother, Laertes, ad vised better(p) safety lies in fear (I.III.line 43). Laertes is stating that fear will keep his sister safe. Ophelias sense of right and wrong is based on other peoples judgement. Ophelia does not ever given the opportunity to develop her own independent conscious. Her dependance on the male world is shown through her statement, I do not know, my lord, what I should think. (I.III.line 104). In accordance with the thesis of Beauvoir, Ophelia is being characterized as the other, she is deprived of the opportunity to develop herself as an individual. Instead she is oppressed into an incomplete character who is managed by the ideal of the men in her life. Even her internal thoughts are controlled, she is taught what is acceptable to believe and how she should live her life. Laertes and Polonius are even in control of her emotions, deciding who she may fall in love with. In the end, Ophelias individuality is robbed from her simply because she is a woman and seen as naive. In accordanc e with Friedan, Ophelia is an example of a woman who has been manipulated by a false belief system because she is led to believe that her father and brother ultimately know what is best for her. In a sense, she is brainwashed by the opinions and advice of the men who manipulate her life. Ophelia has lost her desire to uncover her own identity and sadly, in the end driven insane. Ophelias insanity can be seen as the lack of liberation she received, she was unable to come to terms with her identity as a stereotypical maiden.Male characters such as Hamlet, the King, and Hamlets father are prioritized through the play. Shakespeare has used such supreme characters to develop the tragedy. Hamlets father is killed by his brother who takes his wife and kingdom. Hamlet is then responsible for the revenge of his fathers eat up. One may ask why Shakespeare chose to give the role of a protagonist to a male instead of a female. In this case, why did Shakespeare use Hamlet to retaliate the mu rder? Why wasnt Gertrude given that role? Feminist critics suggest that the oppression of even female characters was a result of the gender structure of Elizabethan times.Female characters, Opelia and Gertrude, were not as critical in the play. Instead, they were used as pawns to further develop the character of the males. In the case of Gertrude, she is the object for which Hamlet feels possessive of. The fact that she re-married her husbands father short of his death is one of the prominent reasons that Hamlets actions are seen as insane. Ophelia played a similar role, she developed Hamlet as a character that was slowly turning mad. Shakespeare is able to limn Ophelia as inessential because once Hamlet turns mad, she follows shortly. Leading the reader to believe that Ophelia is lost without male direction which she has been so dependent upon.An important critical question being asked through out is what will be the resolution of the play? The reader closely follows Hamlet who ha s the obligation to avenge his fathers death. The ghost of his father urges him to murder Claudius, an eye for an eye. Only by doing so will he be able to re-establish the peace that has turned to chaos. However, Hamlet knows that morally, murder is incorrect and cant seem to bring himself to do so. He tries to contemplate alternative decisions but instead begins to turn insane, realizing that there are no other alternatives. Shakespeare seems to use Hamlet to avenge death rather than Gertrude because as a male figure, he has more power and complexity than a female. Another critical question that can be asked is why is Hamlets insanity so significant? Ophelia is also turning mad but Shakespeare seems to focus on the issues of Hamlet rather than Ophelia. Through questions such as these, he reader can understand that a woman who was turning crazy was a lost cause, however, a man was a complex individual who could find resolution. These questions are a further example of oppression of women.The reader must be familiar with Shakespearean time in order to fully understand the meaning and interpret the text, in particular, the Elizabethan era (1558-1603). This era is often considered to be the golden age in English history. Being the summit meeting of the english renaissance, this era developed english poetry music, and literature. Most importantly, elizabethan theatre flourished.The role of women in society was relatively unconstrained. In contrast to diametrical cultures, women enjoyed freedom.Feminist critics agree that history has been dominated by men, where woman have simply served as mirrors to superior men. Modern feminism explains that women in the past havent been better understood due to their lack of possession of an identity, other than the one that has been given to them by more dominant characters. Through a feminist perspective the reader understands that Ophelia was a tragic character with a lost identity that came about after male forces no long er determined her actions.

Introduction To Electrochemical Sensors Xi Meng Engineering Essay

Introduction To Electrochemical Sensors Xi Meng Engineering EssayThis paper is mainly focused on three parts introduction to electrochemical sleuthing elements Simply describe the working principle, main components breathable hold, electrode, electrolyte and filter ,influencing factors and selectivity 3)Introduce demodulator types (potentiometric demodulators, voltammetric sensors and amperometric sensors, review and discuss some examples ( solidity annex Electrodes, Ion discriminating, Carbon Based Materials, Novel Materials/ composites) on the research of electrochemical sensors classified by sensor type for future research.Key Words Electrochemical sensor, electrode, potentiometric, Ion selectiveIt fecal matter be tracked back to the 1950s, when electrochemical sensor was first used to monitor oxygen. To the mid-1980s, small electrochemical sensor began to be devoted into detecting a assortment of divergent toxic gases within PEL range, and showed great sensitivity a nd selectivity. Currently, various electrochemical sensors argon widely used in many static and wandering applications in order to protect the personal safety.Working principleElectrochemical sensors work by reacting with the gas to be measured, and showing galvanizing signals reflecting the gas concentration. usual electrochemical sensor is made up of the sensing electrode( or working electrode) and the counter electrode, separated by a thin electrolytic layer.Firstly, gas reacts with the sensor through tiny capillary-type openings, then reaches the hydrophobic barrier, and ultimately reaches the electrode bulge. Using this method allows an appropriate come of gas reacts with the sensing electrode to form a sufficient electrical signal while preventing electrolyte leaks out the sensor.Gas spreading through the barrier reacts with the sensing electrode, and the sensing electrode can take the oxidation mechanism or drop-off mechanism. These reactions are carried out by the desig n of the electrode material for the gas to be measured and catalysis.Electrical current proportional to the measured gas flows among the incontrovertible electrode and the negative electrode through a resistor connected between the electrodes. As this process creates electrical current, the electrochemical sensor is always called current gas sensor or micro fuel cells.In practice, since the electrode surface reacts continuously, the sensing electrode say-so cannot be maintained constant, after a longer period of time, it provide run in the degradation of sensor performance. In order to improve sensor performance, people introduces reference electrode in the sensor.The reference electrode is mounted in the electrodes nears the sensing electrodes, The obstinate perpetual potentiostatic acting as the sensor electrode. Reference electrode can be maintained on such a fixed voltage value in the sensor electrode. There is no current flows between the reference electrodes. Gas molecu les react with the sensing electrode, at the same time, measure the counter electrode. The measurement precede is ordinarily directly related to the gas concentration and the voltage value affects on the sensing electrode can be aimed at the target gas.Main componentsA. Breathable pullulate (also referred as a hydrophobic membrane) breathable membrane is used for covering the sensor (catalytic) electrodes, used in some cases to control the amount of the gas molecular that reaches the surface of electrode. Such barriers are typically made by low-porosity Teflon film and such sensors are called coated sensor. Alternatively, we can also use the advanced-porosity Teflon membrane covering, using capillary control the amount of the gas molecular reaches the surface of the electrode and such sensors are called capillary type sensor. In addition to providing mechanical egis for the sensor, the film also has the function of filtering out unwanted particles. In order to send the correct amount of the gas molecules, we need to choose the right film and capillary aperture size. Aperture size should be able to allow a sufficient amount of the gas molecules to reach the sensing electrode. The aperture size should also prevent natural spring of liquid electrolyte or dry too quickly.B. Electrode selecting electrode materials is actually important. The electrode material should be a kind of catalytic material, to be able to perform the semi-electrolytic reaction in a long period of time. Typically, the electrode is construct by noble metal, such as platinum or gold, reacts with gas molecules after catalysis. Depending on the design of the sensor may be, for the completion of the electrolysis reaction, three kinds of different materials of electrodes may be used.C. Electrolyte The electrolyte must have enough promotion to electrolysis reaction, and transfer the ionic charge to the electrode effectively. It also must be able to form stable reference potential with refe rence electrode and be suitable to the materials used in the sensor. If the electrolyte evaporates too quickly, the sensor signal will be weakened.D. Filters Sometimes the front of the sensor will be installed with the washing filter to filter out unwanted gas. There are limited selections for fileters, different filter has different efficiency degree. Most super acidly used filter medium is activated carbon, and activated carbon can filter out close of the chemicals, but cannot filter out carbon monoxide. By selecting the correct medium, electrochemical sensors may have a higher selectivity for its target gas.The electrochemical sensor manufactured in many ways, ultimately depends on the gases to detect and manufacturers. However, the main characteristics of the sensor is very similar in essence. Here are some of the common characteristics of the electro-chemical sensors1. The three-electrode sensors, usually use a jumper to connect the working electrode and reference electrode. If remove it during storage process and it takes a long time for the sensor to maintain stable and ready for use. Some sensors require a bias voltage exists between the electrodes and in this case, the sensor is manufactured with a nine volt battery supply electronic circuit. The sensor stability requires 30minutes to 24 hours, and requires three weeks time to continue to remain stable.2. Most of the toxic gas sensors require a small amount of oxygen to maintain the normal function. The sensor equipped with an air vent on the back in order to achieve this object. Our recommendation is to perform a re-examination with manufacturers in the use of non-oxygen background gas applications.3. The electrolyte of the battery in the sensor is an aqueous solvent to be isolated, the hydrophobic barrier prevents leakage from the aqueous solvent. However, care other gas molecules, water vapor can pass through the hydrophobic barrier. In high humidity conditions, the prolonged exposure may reso lving in the accumulation of excess moisture and cause leaks. Under low humidity conditions, the sensor may dry. Designed for observe a high gas concentration sensor having a lower porosity barrier to limit the gas molecules passing through, so that it does not affect by humidity, and like those monitoring low concentration gas, such sensors have a higher porosity barrier and allows gas molecules to flow freely.Pressure and temperatureThe electrochemical sensor pressure changes with preserve minimally. However, due to the differential pressure may damage the sensor, so the entire sensor must maintain the same pressure. Electrochemical sensor is also very sensitive to temperature, and usually takes the internal temperature compensation. So it is best to try to keep the standard temperature.In general, when the temperature is above 25 C, the sensor readings are higher on a lower floor 25 C, lower readings. The error by temperature effect is usually from 0.5 to 1.0% per degree Cels ius, depending on the manufacturer and the sensor type.SelectivityThe electrochemical sensor usually has a high selectivity to its objectives. The degree of selectivity is dependent on the sensor type, objective gas, concentration of the target gas to be detected. The best electrochemical sensor is a sensor of the signal detection of oxygen, it has a good selectivity, reliability and a longer life expectancy. Other electrochemical sensors are susceptible to interference from other gases. Interference data can be drawn by a relatively low concentration of the gas calculated. In practical applications, the interference concentrations may be high to lead off signal make false readings or false alarms.Reference ElectrodesTypically, use of reference electrode is to remain at a constant potential, thus behaving independently from the properties of the working electrode and those of the solution being measured. This separation method between reference electrodes and working electrodes is the basis of accurate electrochemical measurements for a great amount ofapplications,Example Solid-State Reference ElectrodesReference electrodes have been put in use in a variety of industries, but usually traditional reference electrode composition is not adequately effective and fails to work properly when subjected to harsh industrial processes. Traditional reference electrodes depend upon a liquid solution for appropriate potential measurements. smooth solution-based reference electrodes are in widespread use however, successful miniaturization and mass production is severely limited by continual maintenance as well as contamination control. The alternative is a solid-state reference electrode (SSRE), but typically these devices cannot compete adequately with the reproducibility of liquid-based reference electrodes or be mass-produced consistently. Recently, a novel SSRE was developed using a polyelectrolyte junction and was able to fabricate a SSRE and a pH-sensing chip that displayed excellent reproducibility between synthetic batches, instant stabilization time, and superior sensing characteristics and can be readily miniaturized for affordable mass-production.By using a solid KCl melt in conjunction with an Ag/AgCl component, in order to use in beverage industry applications. This SSRE has a wide range of pH use, stable potentials, and small move potentials. The reported stability and life time of this reference electrode make it particularly applicable for the food industry. In addition to food industry, engine diagnostics are utilizing SSRE to assess efficiency.Potentiometric sensorsPotentiometric sensors have usually been defined as a zero-current technique to measure the potential across an interface, oftentimes a membrane. As now, research has been focused on highlighting the significance of membrane composition using carbon pastes and polyvinyl chloride as well as unique ionophores specifically designed for targeted species.ExampleIon selecti veScientists in this field are facing a challenge ranging from medicinal chemistry to environmental toxicity is that novel ion selective electrodes (ISEs). ISEs typically use an ionophore as the sensing platform to ensure selectivity to a specific ion of target. The increasing use of heavy metal and ion in industrial processes makes ion selective sensors important for the appropriate sensing and quantification of potential pollutants. Use and research were divided into cations, anions, and neutral species and got great achievements.Voltammetric sensorsVoltammetry provides an electroanalytical method for deriving information about one or more analytes by measuring stick the current as a function of the potential. Several types of experiments may be performed to gather information from voltammetry including cyclic voltammetry, squarewave voltammetry, and stripping voltammetry to name a few common techniques.Example Carbon Based MaterialsCarbon based electrodes have been widely used i n voltammetric research because of low cost, availability, stability, and the ability to easily modify the sound structure of carbon. There are a number of carbon-based electrodes including glassy carbon. Polycrystalline boron doped diamond, carbon nanotubes, and most recently grapheme. Through the detection of the neurotransmitter serotonin, they found that primeval carbon nanotubes networks exhibited background current densities that were 2 orders of magnitude lower than glassy carbon and 20 times lower than polycrystalline boron doped diamond. many advantages of using carbon as an electrode tip including mechanical strength and inhibition of water electrolysis.Amperometric sensorsDuring an amperometric measurement, the working electrode, or sensor , is held at a constant potential while the current is monitored. The current is then related to the concentration of the analyte present.Example Novel materials/ compositesUse of new materials, especially manomaterials, has become an increase of research in electrochemical sensors. The incorporation of these manomaterials in conjunction with one another to form novel composites is particularly interesting, as many of these materials have been found to have synergistic effects.Electrospun carbon nanofibers provide more edge sites on the outer wall than carbon nanotubes, which may lead to more facile electron transfer, offend dispersion, and better wettability. And the low cost, facile construction, high sensitivity, and lack of pretreatment make it appealing for future electrochemical sensing application.

Societys Fear of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Papers Science Biology

Societys Fear of Genetic EngineeringWorks Cited Not holdAnti-technologists and political extremists misinform, and over exaggerate statements that patrimonial plan is not part of the natural order of things. The moral question of genetic engineering can beanswered by studying human phylogeny and the idea of survival of the fittest. The question of safety can beanswered by looking at the current precautions of the industry. The plan that society needs tounderstand is that with the right amount of time and money genetic engineering will help reduce disease andsave unnumerable lives. Many people do not realize that genetic engineering plays a role in many lives through out theworld. Genetic engineering includes artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, sperm banks, cloning, andgene manipulation (Goetz 178). Synthetic insulin is now available for use to treat diabetes. This man madeinsulin has many positive aspects, which include its life span, cost to assembly it, an d the amount that isavailable. The synthetic insulin lasts two to three times longer than its natural form and costs substantiallyless to manufacture than to extract it from an animal, primarily pigs. One other benefit is the amount thatcan be manufactured. In pigs, the scientists need to wait for it to mature to extract the insulin. Thesynthetic source is completely man made and any amount can be manufactured in large quantities. The replication of insulin is not the only way biotech is being utilized. Today people receivesynthetic hormones that their body cannot produce such as growth hormones, thyroid, estrogen, andtestosterone. Vaccines are also another form of genetic engineering that h... ...hing that man was not supposed to be able to control. These ideas stem from people?s fearand religious affiliation. This is based on opinions that people abide formed, once again, because of theirignorance towards genetic engineering. The fear that people have toward genetic engineering is not new to science. Ever since thebeginning of science, man has been afraid of the unknown. Space proceed and flying were not widely accepteduntil the twentieth speed of light and was completely absurd just one hundred years ago. Today they are widelyaccepted and are used everyday. Genetic engineering is in the first stage of its discovery and will emerge inthe twenty first century and will be as accepted as is flying and space travel. The people of the world shouldease up on holding back the evolution of science and realize its possibilities for future generations

My Story :: Personal Narrative

As I start this assignment, I really dont know what to write. Should I begin with how I was born and rise up in a country that is far away from American? Maybe talking a little endorsement about my background will help my classmates get to know who I am, and that is the least thing I can do now. I was born in Saigon City, Vietnam, a country located in Southeast Asia, within a big family. My proves have five elder brothers, two sisters before they have me. I had problems after my birth a little disorder (nothing serious) in my brain caused me some troubles and worry to my parents. It took three years to be cured through continuos see to it to my doctor in Saigon City. Those days were really difficult not only for my parents and me, but also for the whole family too because I was submitted to terrible exams according to my age. My family aspect that I wouldnt be able to grow up like other normal kids. However, with the praise of every member in my family, I was wakeless after al l. By the time I was ready for kindergarten, my two elder brothers allowed to come to the United States to study aboard. This was a big change in my family because my parent wanted to save money for my brothers education. Therefore, they sold our house and asked my two elders sister to help them with our family business instead of going to college. The clearest thing I remember about this issue was my sisters not happy with this decision. However, in my country, the idea of women with high education isnt expected as compare to men. Therefore, I find it is the tradition that effects my parent to decide this way. As for me, I continue to grow through school and the love of my parent. In the school I exhausted wonderful times with my friends. I used to participate with my group in moms day every year dancing. At the same time, I also started to go to my ballet classes. First my mother sent me because she wanted, and when she decided to put me out of my classes I asked her not to do t hat. According to my mother, I straggle everything to go to my ballet classes, and never I refused to go.

Yemen Conflict and the Role of the IGOs and the NGOs in the Yemen Confl

IntroductionThe encroach that took place in Yemen in 2012 was one of the most rigorous revolutions that took place in the Middle East during the Arab spring revolt. The conflict in Yemen started as a protest against social and economic conditions such as unemployment, corruption, and the proposal by the government to modify the constitution. As the protests proceeded, people of Yemen added more grievances and called for the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh. During this conflict, the government and military officials resigned from president Salehs government rendering the government powerless in plentifulnessing with the protestors. In January 2012, a major protest that involved sixteen thousand nationals took place in Yemen, this pressured president Saleh making him to announce that he would not run for reelection. However, the protestors could not hear whatsoever of this and they intensified their protests. The governments relevant authorities opened fire on protesto rs, and many people lost their lives with fifty-two protestors being shot at rest(predicate) in March (Amnesty International 10). Yemen Conflict and the Role of the IGOs and the NGOs in the Yemen ConflictThe first IGO to be involved in the Yemen conflict was Gulf Co-operation Council, which tried to accede into a deal to end the conflict with president Saleh. However, president Saleh walked out of the agreement some hours before it was signed, and he did this three times. When president Saleh walked out of the deal for the third time, the Gulf Co-operation became frustrated and announced that it was withdrawing its mediation efforts in the Yemen conflict. President Saleh not only withdrew from the broken deal, but also refused to sign a transi... ...esses (Clark 128). kit and boodle CitedAmnesty International. Yemen Human Rights Concerns Following Recent Armed Conflict. New York, NY Amnesty International, 2011. Print.Caton, Steven C. Yemen Chron icle An Anthropology of War and Mediation. New York, NY Hill and Wang, 2012.Print.Clark, Janine A. Islam, Charity, and Activism Middle-Class Networks and Social Welfare in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 2004. Print.Little, Tom. South Arabia Arena of Conflict. London Pall Mall P., 2011. Print.Nefissa, Sarah Ben. NGOs and Governance in the Arab World. Cairo The American University in Cairo Press, 2012. Print.Terrill, Andrew W., and Army War College (U.S.) strategical Studies Institute. The Conflicts In Yemen And U.S. National Security. Carlisle, PA Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2011. Print.