Electromagnetic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electromagnetic - Assignment Example All the objectives would be achieved by carrying out several activities such as tests for magnetic shielding, falling magnets and the design of the motor. The lab activity was also aimed at using PHET simulation software to carry out some electromagnetic tests. Magnetic shielding is the act of reducing the electromagnetic field contained in space by blocking the area with barriers made of either conductive or magnetic material. Magnetic shielding, however, does not prevent a magnetic field, preventing lines of flux from traveling from the North Pole to the South Pole of a magnet. However, the fields can be redirected. Any ferromagnetic metal can be used as a shielding metal. A ferromagnetic metal is a material containing either nickel-iron or cobalt. Most of the steel materials are ferromagnetic metals and work well as redirecting shield. Steel is, however, most used because it is less expensive and widely available. The thickness of the shielding material matters to individual levels. When a shield is so thin, it becomes saturated with magnetic field lines and cannot hold any more lines of flux. Thick shielding is therefore required to carry a maximum number of flux lines. A thick shield does not necessarily mean adding more of steel mate rial. Adding steel thickness does not improve the shielding much. In such cases where saturation is an issue, multiple layers of the shielding material are used. There are some specialized materials especially designed for magnetic shielding. The Specialized magnetic shielding materials are always designed to have a higher relative permeability and a lower saturation point. The right shielding materials depend on the particular shielding problem. For instance for a sensitive electronic, Metals can provide an excellent shielding than steel. Or large applications involving large, powerful neodymium magnets,

Great expectations - review of three film versions Essay Example for Free

Great expectations review of three film versions Essay In my English lessons I have been reading great expectations as part of my pro 1914-prose study, and have chosen to do my media assignment on film adaptations of the book. I will be comparing and contrasting the three film versions, David Leans 1945 film is the eldest version which is in black and white, the BBC serialisation and the latest BBC film version, and the original novel. I will structure my essay by writing about different areas of the adaptations e. g. soundtrack, first with similarities then differences between the versions. Sequencing: The sequencing of the opening scene of great expectations adaptations are all quite similar except the latest BBC adaptation, the David Lean and BBC serialisation have the same sequencing, book so it is unlike the 2 other film versions. The David Lean film and BBC serialisation have the sequencing almost of the book so tell the story in the same way as Charles Dickens did. While the David lean version is more compact due to time limitations and the BBC serialisations has more detail they both tell the same set of events in the same way. And only differ from the book in the very beginning where they show Pip the central character in the book running across the marshes to the church, where the book starts in the churchyard. The latest BBC version is very different form the book and two other adaptations in its sequencing, it starts with Pip running away from the convict across a wheat field, when the convict catches up with Pip in the graveyard, he asks no questions about his parents or where he lives like the book. It then switches straight to Pip running home across the marshes, when he arrives home events from the second chapter take place when the events of the first havent finished being explained. The rest of the sequences of the opening chapter take place as flashbacks while pips sleeping. Soundtrack: As with the sequencing the sound track for the latest BBC adaptation is very different to the other two versions as it has a different set of sequencing. The David lean version and BBC serialisations soundtrack are quite similar but the advances in technology makes the serialisation far more advanced than the older David lean version. The David Lean version soundtrack starts with the opening of the book being narrated by an older version of Pip as the younger version crosses the marshes. The BBC serialisation soundtrack is similar to the David Lean version as it begins with narration by an older version of pip as he crosses the marshes. And the latest BBC version soundtrack is very different to the other two, as it starts with quiet music and Pips heavy breathing and rustling as he is running away from the convict. The arrival of the convict is very similar in the David Lean version and BBC serialisation soundtrack with the same build up, whistling winds and creaking trees make up a tense atmosphere, which is shattered by the arrival of the Convict. This is very different in the Latest BBC version. The arrival of the Convict in the David Lean version soundtrack is marked by him grabbing Pip and Pip screaming, the convict then threatens Pip in the following dialogue. Then the convict turns him upside down a lot of rustling and jingling from the convicts chain on his leg. The convict then demands items from Pip in the following dialogue while eating an apple and breathing heavily. At the end of the scene where Pip is running home across the marshes, the whistling winds from the graveyard are heard again. The arrival of the Convict in BBC serialisation soundtrack is different to the David Lean version you hear Pip trip and as he gets he catches sight of the convict and takes a surprised breath. The convict then moves toward him you can hear the chain on his leg jingle with every step he takes, he then talks to Pip. He shakes Pip lots of jingling and grunting, when he resumes dialogue with Pip he is eating a piece of bread. Just before the end of the scene the convict threats Pip speaking in a whisper, then walks of to bouncy music with his chain jingling. The Convict is introduced in the latest BBC version soundtrack by Pip falling with a thud, trying to hide breathing deeply. The Convict catches up breathing heavily and his chain jingling with his footsteps, as the Convict finds Pip, Pip lets out a scream then the convict says a short amount of dialogue. The David Lean and BBC serialisation soundtracks are quite similar but the Serialisation has the advantage of longer running time and detail and better technology, the only difference is the whistling wind at the end of the scene in the David Lean versions apposed to the bouncy music of the convicts departure in the BBC serialisation. The latest BBC version soundtrack is a far shorter and more condensed in the opening scene than the other two adaptations. Also large amounts of dialogue are missed out, even thought it befits from the best technology and methods out of the three adaptations it has the shortest and in my opinion worst soundtrack. Meise en scene: Meise en scene is French for what you can see such as characters, props and scenery. The main way to see the difference in the interpretation of the book in the adaptations is by what and how they present characters and locations on screen. As with the sequencing and sound tracking the David Lean version and BBC serialisation are very similar with few differences although the David Lean version is in black and white and the latest BBC version is very different to both of them. The David Lean version starts with the 1st page of Great Expectations opening then the rest of the pages blowing over. The BBC serialisation opens with some flowers on the book cover of Great Expectations wilting away, it is different to the David Lean opening but is clearly influenced by it. The latest BBC films different sequencing means different images appearing on screen at different time compared to the other two adaptations. It opens with Pip running through a golden wheat field, looking back over his shoulder, his face is dirty and his clothes are hard worn showing that he is a person of lower class in society. This is very different to the other two versions, which show the name of the film/book before the film begins. While the latest BBC version starts in the thick of the story. The appearance of the Convict is very similar in all three versions, which hold true to the book description A fearful man, all in course grey, with a great iron on his leg. The David Lean version while holding true to the book description but makes the Convict more frightening to the audience than the other two versions, as it is limited to black and white to make an impact. The BBC serialisation shows the convict more as a worn out exhausted figure that is more likely to make audiences fell sorry for him than be frightened. He is truer to the description laid down in the book than the other to versions down the blackened face and rag tied around his head. The Convict in the latest BBC version is a cross between the two other versions he is more frightening in appearance than the BBC serialisation Convict, but less true to the books description and more detailed than the David Lean versions Convict. Conclusion: After watching and reviewing all three-film adaptations, I have decided in my opinion that the BBC serialisation is the best adaptation of the book. Because of the level of detail that tells the story as well and in the same fashion that made the book such a large success, I find it an excellent alternative or compliment to reading the novel.

Future Of Globalisation And Its Impact Economics Essay

Future Of Globalisation And Its Impact Economics Essay It is a known fact in the modern world that globalisation has become the main ingredient for the success of developing countries and their businesses. Globalization became a major worldwide force to reckon with since the end of the cold war in the 90s and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Countries opened their boundaries to marketplace financial system making business increasingly international. A procedure of structural modification urged through the affects and studies of the World Bank and other global firms was born in numerous developing nations. Moreover, globalisation has opened up fresh chances for growing countries. It has provided better entrance to urbanized state marketplaces and technology which in turn guarantees enhanced efficiency and advanced living status (Lim and Lim, 2007). On the other hand, there are arguments that state globalisation has given unwanted confronts such as rising imbalance all over the world, instability in the monetary market and ecologica l worsening. A different unenthusiastic feature of globalisation is that an immense mainstream of growing nations stay separated from the procedure. Till the 90s, countries like India were quite opposed to the idea of globalisation. The phenomenon of globalisation was opened to the Indian economy through the introduction of the New Economic policy in 1991. It was the initiation of this policy that resulted in the transformation of the Indian economy to open up to liberalisation of business and broadening of investment opportunities. Since then the world has seen gradual decrease to the obstacles and acceleration in the rise of globalisation. In this particular topic review, we try and concentrate on the impact of globalization on countries, businesses and public sector. On the basis of my findings from relevant literature, I will try to comprehend the concept of globalization and its future. Globalization: Globalization can be explained as a continuing procedure through which local economies, cultures, and traditions have been incorporated by a world-spanning system of interaction and implementation. The word is many a time employed to purposely refer to the internalisation of economy. It can also signify the incorporation of nationwide economies into the worldwide financial system by business flows of capital, FDI, immigration, and extend of skill. Though, globalization is typically documented as being forced through an amalgamation of economic, political, sociocultural, technical, and organic issues. The word may furthermore submit to the intercontinental movement of thoughts, tongues, and otherwise famous culture by acculturation (Lim and Lim, 2007). Though the exact meaning of globalisation remains elusive, some interpretations are universally acceptable. Lim and Lim (2007): say that the procedure of globalisation not just comprises beginning of business world widely, growth of higher sense of interaction, internationalization of fiscal marketplaces, increasing significance of multinational corporations, population relocations and further normally amplified mobility of people, capital, products, information and concepts other than moreover pollution, illnesses and infections. Globalization Impact across Countries: Significantly, the growth of India and China is a just element of a bigger picture which exposes extremely rough allocation of the advantages of internationalization between nations. The developed nations, with their powerful primary economic stand, profusion of ability and capital, and technical guidance, were comfortably situated to increase considerable advantages from rising internationalization of the world economy. Growing worldwide marketplaces for products and facilities offer fresh stores for their exports. Whereas, the appearance of worldwide manufacturing methods and liberalized investment regulations produced fresh chances for their multinational enterprises, rising their worldwide operations and authority of marketplace (Cetinic and Goran, 2008),. Likewise, the development of worldwide fiscal marketplaces offered developed nations chances for speculations with advanced incomes in rising marketplaces. As well as, their technical control, jointly with the intensification o f global regulations on IPRs by the World Trade Organization, raised their incomes from licensing fees and royalties. Though, these advantages were partially counteracted through internal issues of alteration that generated fatalities for several employees. But one cannot deny the fact that another cluster that gathered important advantages was the alternative rising nations that have been extremely victorious in mounting their exports and in magnetizing great inflows of foreign direct investment. Chiefly, among the benefactors have been the unique NIEs of North Asia that have currently congregated on developed state revenue heights and financial systems. Several further Asian middle-income states, the Europe succession nations, and Latin American nations for example Chile and Mexico moreover seem to be on path to accomplish this (Daianu and Daniel, 2008). Globalization Impact on Indian Economy: There are several insinuations of globalization for a state economy. Globalization has strengthened interdependence and rivalry among countries in the globe marketplace. These financial reorganizations have received the subsequent important advantages: India had received positive impact through globalization on the whole development rate of the market. This is a chief development considering that the development rate of India in the 1980s was extremely little at 4 per cent and Gross Domestic Product raise in nations such as Korea, Mexico, Brazil, and Indonesia was in excess of double of that of India. However Indias standard yearly increase rate was approximately twice in the 80s to 6.3 per cent, still it was inferior to the development rate in Indonesia, Korea and China. The lift up in Gross Domestic Product development has resulted in a respectable transformation in the worldwide position of India (Daianu and Daniel, 2008). Therefore, the place of India in the worldwide economy had enhanced from the ninth position in 1992 to fifth position in 2002; when Gross Domestic Product was estimated on a buying power equality foundation. Throughout 1990-91, due to Raos( then Prime Minister of India) modifications plan, the Indian market developed through 0.11 per cent simply, although the Gross Domestic Product boosted up to 6.2 per cent in 1993-94, and 7.1 per cent 1994-95. A development rate of over 9 per cent was an accomplishment for the Indian economy by the year 2006-07. Increase in the Gross Domestic Product development rate may be perceived as sign of good things to come in the future (Cetinic and Goran, 2008). Uncertainty in Europe due to Rising Phenomena of Globalization: Globalization is a happening; you cannot fight it or stop it. It is a predictable procedure which can be regulated and adapted. Due to globalisation local skilled labour employment rate was decreasing in almost all over the globe. This resulted in amalgamation of societies that had earlier been totally divided from one another. It was as if they were fighting a common enemy. The EU sceptics were of the view that globalisation would lead to labour exploitation and local unemployment rather than growth for the respective nations. Most of Western Europe believed that availability of jobs would result in mass immigration of foreign workers. The fact that they would be available on the cheap would threaten local citizens. Those that opposed internationalization were unified in their belief. Several were opposing it because they were convinced that MNCs were basically evil. These countries formed the basis of the worldwide anti-capitalist faction. The primary concern was to defend home job s in the western region, although this myopic hypothesis left local employees unable to compete and advance themselves. Basically, this crippled the globe with dishonest jobs, with no honest earnings and with no honest chances (Bartlett and William, 2007). As a result Central banks were at a failure. As assets soared all over the globe at a continuous pace, nations would locate themselves with a huge equilibrium of extra expenses and shortages. Policy makers found themselves in a position where imaginative resource flows were in risk of turning into a chief source of unsteadiness. The equity fizz that was considered ingenuity at the start of the innovative millennium was nearing boiling point, as plan makers were scratching their heads in the delusion that economies might carry on to develop no issue how lofty the stage of debt of private sector (Bartlett and William, 2007). Globalization Impact on Australian Economy: Business plans of Australia, since the mid 1990s, have been rapidly increased to start home businesses to cater to the worldwide marketplace. The main area of concentration of structural reform has been to focus the private region in Australia to further rivalry from equally local and worldwide resources (Gligorov and Vladimir, 2007). Australia has usually had elevated stages of security in the 1960s in regions like fabrics, footwear and clothing and vehicle. By the beginning of 80s the successful fading of security in the TCF businesses was in surplus of 190 per cent and 56.2 per cent for traveller motor cars. Although, several people would argue that cutting security will decrease service. It is a proven fact that several businesses that were greatly defended throughout the 1980s and 1990s still face reduction of service and were unable to establish themselves in export marketplaces. Yearly Growth in Exports, Each Sector, 1998-99 to 2008-09. Sector % Manufacturing 15.6 Services 9.9 Minerals and Fuels 6.8 Rural 4.8 (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, (2008), Australian National Accounts, 5206.0.) Globalisation Impact on Financial Markets: Over 52 per cent of the every day foreign exchange income experiences changes and alternatives. This enlargement in temporary fund shifts and hedging has augmented instability of exchange rate. The changes in the dollar of Australia in February 2002 appropriately reveal this. The declaration of a 1.1 per cent decrease in interest rate through the United States Federal Reserve direct to a plunge in the dollar of Australia through approximately 2.30 per cent within 22 hours (Kim and Kim, 2008). Usually, a decrease in interest rates must have raised the dollar of Australia other than foreign exchange dealers think that the decrease in rates of interest would raise returns in the United States, in the near prospect, therefore would raise the value of dollar in United States. But instantly after the next 48 hours the dollar of Australia had increased 4%. At this point dealers decided that the 1.2% rate decline could not be ample to stop a slump in the financial system of United States. Th ese indecisions and conjectures have raised the instability in the prices and therefore the proper forecasting of these variations is essential (Kim and Kim, 2008). FDI Inflows distribution among developing countries, Total for 2000s (in per cent) (Source: Kovac, Oskar (2008), FDI flows among developing countries and opportunities with Globalization, Paper prepared for the AAASS Conference in Boca Raton, Florida, November) A Brief Comparison among Developing Countries: In the case of global trade The share of India of exports of merchandise to world raised from .06 per cent to .08 per cent in the previous 2 years. In comparison, in the same period of time Chinas share has tripled to approximately 3.9 per cent The share of India in the worldwide business is same to that of the Philippines but the market is 5 times lesser according to International Monetary Fund approximations. In the past periods foreign direct investment streams into India have a standard of approximately 0.6 per cent of Gross Domestic Product against 4 per cent of Brazil and 6.1 per cent for China. Foreign direct investment flows to China currently surpasses United States USD 55 billion per annum. In Indias case it is USD 5bn. (Hunter, 2008) Reasons behind fast growth of global trade: Development in worldwide interactions Fast development of the Asian Giants and emerging economies like India and China Improved status of living Control to market systems in Eastern Europe liberalization and Personalization of nationwide economies Deregulation of international resources economies Liberalization of business assisted through WTO, development and extension of the European Union Dip in transportation rates (Ronkainen, 2008) Businesses affected by the Globalization: Cross continent or border trades in the age of globalization is not considered risky or expensive work as earlier. In modern times, to stay in the market; aggression and assertiveness is the sure shot to success. Initiation of international trade would expose the entrepreneur to global dimensions and an understanding of the macro nature of todays market place. In contrast, if a company does not intend to be global and does not expose itself to global marketplace, it is unknowingly harming itself through lack of consumer demands which are so essential in modern business. It is devoid of important feedback which would have provided by the international customer. The business world today is a consumer driven market and competition is fierce. In these times time of globalization whoever caters first to the consumers survives and improves its long term prospects. With raise in customers insists and destruction of worldwide marketplace the global trade is anticipated to help numerous marke tplaces in a satisfactory mode (Kretschmer and Hansjorg, 2008). Unseen and gradual shifting of financial changes in the current business scenario of the world might eventually damage trade. Investigations might cite that internationalization of globe trade has led to petroleum price problems, dip in share marketplaces, housing catastrophes, limited availability of assets, and on the whole a sense of constant survival like never before. With some unwanted characteristics in world market due to internalisation, traditional financial theory suggests that the interest rate these days bear resemblance to that of 1990. But these are just apprehension rather than facts with no proper evidence to back it up. The modern marketplace is the result of a international financial system which is performing the job of an easing aspect is a proven fact with all the data of developed and developing countries. It has been projected that by 2014 the mounting markets will report for 52 per cent of world Gross Domestic Product (Lopandic and Dusko, 2008). Globalization Modern success stories Starting of closed market systems: Several successful increasing markets have been engaged in systematic reform of essential society standards which have gone unnoticed in the urbanized countries. The aspects which cause development and financial combination integrate possessions freedoms, legal process, published principle, personalization of state owned organizations, elimination of assets administration, and liberalization of standards connected FDI (Simic and Predrag, 2008). Business need: All multinationals are aware of the ethic that development in the fiscal position for the continuation of international organizations is dependent upon the services provided to the employees. Nowadays institutions are concentrating on better communications growth utilities, Interactions, and well-provided transport facility. These initiations has progressively enhanced in comparison to what was a few years ago as a result of international standards. Increasing economies: Over the last decades India and China has observed a 10 per cent and 8 per cent of yearly development correspondingly. Markets currently typify younger society, growing number of educated and skilled people, rising middle income group populations, inspiring profits and development (Simic and Predrag, 2008). Measures responsible for the development of multinational corporations: Increases the life cycles of product Economic growth through globalization Initiatives are taken for lessening manufacturing costs Maintains a controlled production by cheap employment Deregulation of assets marketplaces Reduction in transport costs Exploration of rising marketplaces Prevention of excise and non excise obstructions Endorses vertical merger (Schott, 2008) Globalization is extremely significant to every executive nowadays, particularly those leading Information Systems plan in a business. This idea is particularly significant nowadays where they discover their selves challenging with industries or doing trade within the globe. According to Kretschmer and Hansjorg (2008), though several big corporations have internationalized for many past years, the Web, in excess of several further incident, has facilitated the smallest corporation to have a worldwide existence. The supports of the mobile devices and internet have raised the bar of internationalisation to new height irrespective of the fact that it is controlled by a man or machine. Worldwide delivery systems and Outsourcing, receive the benefits of the technology that is accessible to overcome the gaps among industries, their customers, providers, consumers and workers. Globalization gives new opportunities: Globalization is an event that has hastened in current periods, calling for further speedy response from undersized nations, several of which have restricted sources and capability to take action. Therefore, globalization carries chances in addition to challenges for small nations. So as to obtain benefits of such a process, these nations will have to assume what many have explained as a planned worldwide relocation of their economies (Watts, 2008). Policy Development by Public and Private Sector for Exploring New Opportunities: Measures on top of plan fronts and the skill to distinguish transforms, to take on and acclimatize to fresh technology, and to restructure quickly will decide the capability of the industrious segment in small nations to take action to the latest chances. Governments, organizations, and human beings should obtain familiar to a need of durability. Cash facilities and employ of IT and electronic commerce show two instances of the type of innovative chances on offer to small nations in the latest worldwide market. Previous parts of the mission team account, on the changeover to a novel worldwide business atmosphere and making capability, embark the type of home plans and outside help that will place small nations to receive benefits of these chances. The chances of manufacture of products and services in developed countries are based on their organizations capability to look for planned business unions. Corporations have to be supple, receptive, aggressive, pioneering, competent, and consumer-focused. The disintegration of global production procedures into divided phases in dissimilar nations and planned business unions has made it promising for systems of small organizations to defeat the restrictions of dimension and fight successfully against big companies. (Lopandic and Dusko, 2008) Conclusion: Globalization as a phenomenon is a very complex one. We have seen instances where developed nations might face a situation of stagnation, whereas some nations had have undergone financial catastrophe and practiced economic retrogression due to internalisation (Schott, 2008). Furthermore, we cannot deny the surprising emergence of upcoming powerhouses like China and India. They are proofs that global liberalization and competition enhances consumer price. It is safe to state that globalization has its benefits and ill effects. It impacts distinctive sectors, countries, businesses and sections in a dissimilar way. Even though developing countries might reap great rewards from it, uncontrolled and unregulated globalization may lead to economic turmoil. What we all agree upon is the fact that market economy in the hands of private enterprises and capitalists without proper supervision might lead to difficult situations reminiscent of neocolonialism. Essential steps should be taken at a n ational and international level to neutralize the harmful effects and to achieve the accolades of globalisation. Love it, hate it, the fact remain that globalization is here to stay. (2008, Cherunilam) The future of globalisation lies in these very handsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the future of globalisation lies with us. It is people who are the objects of globalization and at the same time its subjects. What also follows logically from this is that globalization is not a law of nature, but rather a process set in train by people.

Genetic Modified Foods Essay -- GMOs, Genetically Modified Crops

Genetic modification of organisms in general is a biotechnological process that forces genes to behave according to certain characteristics. Changing characteristics of organisms is based on changing their DNA (tech deoxyribonucleic acid; the acid which carries genetic information in a cell). It is being used for modifying genes in plants, animals or micro-organisms. It is being also used especially with food in order to improve the nutritious quality, make less use of chemicals such as pesticides, which proved to be extremely harmful, and sometimes to add flavour. Genetically modified food (GMF) is considered one of the modern production improvements and the largest food experiments in the world’s history. However, it is very vital to dispel misconception about the nature of food. GMF is a mixed blessing which has a lot of benefits but at the same time may arouse problems. It has many good aspects, such as making plants ripen faster, improving the specie’s taste and look, and providing Third World countries with healthier and cheaper food. Genetic modification of food has won the admiration of a lot of people, including myself, because of its new and attractive accomplishments, but at the same time we should take into consideration its disadvantages and try to find ways to avoid them. Genetically modified foodstuffs have several disadvantages which I believe are possibly avoidable through research and experiments. Most of the time, the sale of GMFs is being permitted without posing the risks and without informing the public with the possible danger. This of course is a violation of human rights which can Nagi2 easily be avoided by simply informing consumers of the characteristics of the product. When genetic engineers insert new genes into any organism, it can lead to disruption and unpredictable changes in the pattern and structure of the new genetic function. "In fact, the process of inserting genes is quite random and can damage normal genes " (Genetic Engineered Food - A Serious Health Risk 3). Therefore, harmful substances may appear unexpectedly and can possibly create viruses and new dangerous diseases. Therefore, it is the obligation of experts to examine GM products before making them available to the publi... ...d not avoid rice because of that." (Maryanski 3). So, vegetarians should feel safe when eating GMF. The conclusion to be drawn from the above is that GMF in one of the modern production improvements and the largest food experiment in the history of the world. Its appearance has been very sudden. Now, a very rapidly growing number of it is being introduced. Maybe in a few years it may be almost impossible to find natural food. No doubt, any dangerous food production through genetic engineering should be banned until scientifically shown that it is safe for everyone. In the meantime, labelling is required foe any foodstuff that contains genetically engineered ingredients, and any risk that could harm the environment should be banned. It has to be acknowledged that GMF is one of the best production that have emerged in our century. Hopefully, in the future, it will not have any side effects, and be healthier than the current natural food. Containing all the Vitamins and nutrition that we need. We have to put in mind that if people knew all it advantages, they will surely get convinced with the idea of producing GMF.

Modern Piracy With A Breif History Essay -- essays research papers fc

Piracy is usually determined as a seizure of property (ship, airplane or software) that holds no commission from the owner (â€Å"Piracy† 1). It is mostly linked to the dirty, bearded men that sailed the seven seas and robed merchant ships or ships that carried a valuable cargo. This however, was not the case in the late eighties and is definitely not the case today in the nineties. Now software pirates copy software without the permission of the company for their own personal benefits. Since piracy interrupts trade between nations it has been considered to be an offense against international law (â€Å"Piracy† 1). While the pirates in the medieval age roamed for plunder on the high seas, pirate radio and television stations broadcast, unauthorized software pirates copy to save money and even if one form vanished, another would soon take its place. Although the roots of piracy go as far as 102 BC the true sea pirates golden age was between the time periods of the very late 1600’s and the year of 1923 when almost all pirates suddenly disappeared. Pirates attacked the Romans as early as 100 BC. This was not as rough as the future pirates would be, but the idealism of piracy was present. The so-called piracy’s golden age started in 1695 when the first famous pirate, Henry Every, began seizing sizable treasures in the Red Sea and this made him an idol to many unemployed seamen in England. Piracy offered no more risks than being on board an ordinary merchant or privateering (which is often confused with piracy) vessel and the returns could be indescribably greater than in trade or attacking enemy ships. This started an increase in the number of pirates. Soon, in some parts of the world, for example Nassau, there were so many pirate vessels sailing the seas that the trade between the colonies and the outside world was n onexistent because all the goods ended up in the pirate vessels. Although their ways were inhumane and sometimes highly brutal, they had some sort of passion to sail the unknown and break the law to fight a war on the ordinary world. Some pirates were famous for their incredible brutality or for their otherwise colorful personalities: Edward Teach (alias Black Beard), who terrorized the coastline of North Carolina in 1716-1718; Captain Kidd who was more known for his highly publicized trial than his wrongdoings; and Bartholomew Roberts who was the last and... ...mplies with the law, and that it issues an appropriate policy statement that is signed and respected by all involved (Software Publishers' Association). The sea pirates, the software pirates Hackers and the on the air pirates all have something in common. They all (with the exception of software pirates) do their job for the passion of it. All of these forms are considered illegal because of the losses made to the owner to save costs or to collect prizes (sometimes). Whatever the case, piracy can never be gotten rid of because a new form will show up when another vanishes, history proves that. What will the next form be? Use your imagination. Works Cited Botting, Douglas. â€Å"The Pirates.† Alexandria, Virginia: Time Life Books 1978. â€Å"Piracy.† Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1995. â€Å"Software Piracy.† CQ Researcher. May 21, 1993 MAS. Byrd, Kelly V. "Kelly's Place" Computer and Law http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~kbyrd/piracy.html: Spring 1996. Software Publishers' Association. "Software Use and the Law". http://www.spa.org/piracy/homepage.html: November 20, 1996. Computers In Society 6th ed. Dushkin Group/Brown&Benchmark Publishers: Guilford, CT, 1996.

Frank Sinatra Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Frank Sinatra Francis Albert Sinatra born on December 12, 1915, in Hoboken, New Jersey later became known as Frank Sinatra and one of the greatest entertainers of his generation. American singers - Bing Crosby and Billie Holiday, influenced Frank Sinatra. Sinatra then developed a signature vocal phrasing in his music that influenced generations of popular vocalists. Sinatra anticipated the decline of big-band instrumental jazz music, and helped establish an enthusiastic climate for popular singers. One of the songs Frank Sinatra is most known for singing is the hit My Way. Frank Sinatra’s career began after he signed his first performing contract, when he was 24. He got his start singing with Tommy Dorsey’s band in the 1930’s. He then scored his first number one song a little more than a year later, â€Å"I’ll Never Smile Again†. Sinatra’s popularity began to rise through airtime as a radio singer during World War II. He soon left Dorsey’s band for a solo career that lead him to several hits and great success in the ‘50s and ‘60s. Young At Heart, All the Way, Witchcraft, Strangers in the Night, and that’s Life were some of his hit songs. In the 1940s Sinatra embarked on a solo career and became the idol of the â€Å"bobby-soxers†. They were teenage girls who swooned over his crooning, soft-voiced singing. During this time period he also appeared in many film musicals such as, Anchors Aweigh (1945), Till the Clouds Roll By (1947), and On the Town...

With reference to the headscarf debate in France, analyze the extent to which laicite has played a major role in the French law 2004-228.

Introduction On March 15th, 2004 the government of French Republic passed a law that banned the wearing of â€Å"conspicuous signs† of religious affiliation in public schools (Bowen, 2007). Whilst this law affected Jewish skullcaps, large crosses, Sikh turbans, many scholars (i.e. Wing and Smith, Tarhan) believe that its main purpose was to ban the wearing of the headscarves, known also as hijab by young Muslim girls. Currently there are approximately 5 million Muslims living in France (CIA, 2012). The majority of them are the immigrants from former French colonies in North and West Africa. Muslims constitute 5-10% of the French population, while Islam is the second largest religion in France (Tarhan, 2011). Hence, the law from 2004 led to objections and protests amongst French Muslims. They regarded the decision of French government as a sign of discrimination and violation of religious freedom in France (Wing and Smith, 2006). French government, in turn, emphasized that French secularism (known also as laicite), assuming separation between state and religion, was a main reason standing behind its decision (Astier, 2004)). Until nowadays the French law 2004-228 is very controversial. The supporters of this law believe that a ban on religious symbols confirmed a secular character of French Republic and defended French national identity. They also postulate that a ban contributed to a greater equality amongst women and men within Muslim society. The opponents, in turn, emphasize a largely symbolic character of the ban, as it affected only Muslim girls attending public schools and did not apply to Muslim women on the streets or university students. The opponents often also rejected laicite as a basis of the French law 2004-228. Instead, they postulate that a fear of multiculturalism and growing division within the French society, especially after September 11th, had a key impact on the governmental decision (Scott, 2005). The following essay aims to examine whether French secularism, laicite, was a key factor responsible for the banning of headscarves in France. First, the essay explains the role of female headscarf in Muslim religion and tradition in order to understand a strong objection against a ban from Muslim side. Second, the essay presents shortly a debate on wearing headscarves in France that had its beginning in the 1980s. Further, the essay considers the concept of laicite in France and its impact on passing the French law 2004-228. The essay analyzes other factors that influenced on the banning of religious symbols in France in order to compare their role and the role of laicite in passing the law. Finally, the essay considers the ban as an unsuccessful reform and presents policy recommendations. The role of headscarf in Muslim tradition The headscarf[1] is an important religious symbol in the Islamic tradition. The Quran, perceived as the source of Allah’s command by Muslims, states that: â€Å"believing women (†¦) should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands’ fathers, their sons, their husbands’ sons, their brothers, or their brothers’ sons or their sisters’ sons, or their women or the servants whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex, and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. And O you Believers, turn you all together towards Allah, that you may attain Bliss.† (Quran 24:31)Therefore, following Allah’s law, Muslim women are obligated to remain modest and to cover their beauty. Moreover, the Quran says: â€Å"O Prophet! Tell Thy wives And daughters, and the Believing women, that They should cast their Outer garments over Their Persons (when outside): That they should be known (As such) and not Molested† (Quran 33:59). It indicates that there are two purposes of the wearing of headscarves by Muslim women. First, headscarf should protect Muslim women from gazes of strange men and from being an object of stranger’s desire. Second, headscarf should help to distinguish Muslim women from women of other religions (Syed, 2001). It is worth adding that the Quran does not state precisely which parts of woman’s body should be covered. Hence, there are different types of head (and body) coverings amongst Muslim women in various countries, depending on Quran’s interpretation and culture. They range from the simple hijab, covering the head and neck to Afghani burqa, covering the entire body and leaving only so-called mesh screen so th at the woman is able to see (Wing and Smith, 2006). Further, the following sentence from the Quran: â€Å"O Prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks close round them (when they go abroad). That will be better so that they may be recognized and not annoyed† (Wing and Smith, 2006, p.751) indicates that Muslim men are also obligated to Quran to make sure that their wives have got appropriate covering when they leave their houses. With the beginning of decolonization in the 1950s and the 1960s, the European countries, in particular France and the United Kingdom, had experienced massive immigrations from the Middle East and African countries. Most of the immigrants were Muslims. Hence, the Western countries, characterized by Christian roots had to face different religion, culture and values brought to the Europe by Muslims. Headscarf has become one of the most visible elements of these differences in the European’s public eyes (Wing and Smith, 2006). Headscarf debate in a contemporary France There are currently around 5 million of Muslims in France, constituting 5-10% of the total French population (CIA, 2012). Mostly they are immigrants from the regions such as the Maghreb, the Middle East, Turkey and Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Additionally there is an increasing number of people of European descent in France who are deciding to convert into Islam. In the recent years, Muslims in France has strongly manifested its cultural and religious separateness. They aimed to â€Å"create an Islamic identity with local institutional, societal and cultural structures† (Wing and Smith, 2006, p.753) and they focused on building new mosques and loud practices of their religion. It led to Islamophobic tendencies in France which were often manifested by hostility, discrimination in employment and housing as well as larger socio-economic exclusion of Muslim society. Currently Muslims continue to be separated from the rest of French society. Key indicators of this exclusion are li mited access to the education for Muslims, houses in the urban ghettos (known also as the zones of economic and social exclusion) but also lack of involvement in French political life and culture from the Muslim side. The debate on headscarves in France has got its root in 1989 and is known as the affaires de foulard (Scott, 2005, p. 1). At that time, three Muslim girls were expelled from their secondary state school in the town of Creil after they refused to take off their headscarves. Although it was not a first such a case (the director of this school had earlier banned Jewish students from wearing the Kippah in school), it brought an extensive attention of French media. The director of school argued that he made a decision on the basis of French laicite[2], a concept postulating separation between the state and religion (Tarhan, 2011). Muslim society was supported by Catholic, Protestant and Jewish leaders. Together, they postulated that laicite should have been regarded as toleration for other religions rather than condemnation of religion (Scott, 2005). This approach was also accepted by the former Minister of Education, Lionel Jospin. He announced that religious symbols and clothing at sch ools were allowed as long as they did not threaten other religious beliefs (Tarhan, 2011). Despite this governmental announcement, a number of similar cases has dramatically increased between 1989 (400 cases) and 1994 (3000 cases), what led to racial and religious violence in France (Bowen, 2007). In 1994 the tensions were so intense that education staff were sending letter to the French government, asking for advices on how to deal with the situation. In result, new Minister of Education, Francois Bayrou implemented new rules on religious symbols in schools. He allowed only discreet symbols in schools, while he prohibited ostentatious symbols. Discreet symbols were defined as those that â€Å"demonstrated personal religious conviction† (Tarhan, 2011, p.18), while ostentatious – as those that led to discrimination and differences into the educational communities. Bayrou’s claim was controversial and brought the attention of French media. In result, the Conseil d ’Etat, the highest administrative court in France, decided to investigate the controversial issue. The court rejected Bayrou’s decision and obligated school administrations and teachers to make decision on the actions of their students. The French government appointed a Muslim woman, Hanifa Cherifi, as a governmental mediator responsible for handling the wearing of headscarves. In result, the issue has grown quiet for nine years (Scott, 2005). The issue of headscarves was brought to the public attention again in 2003, when the Minister of Interiors and Cults, Nicolas Sarkozy postulated that Muslim women should take off their headscarves while posing for official identity photographs. As Muslims became an important minority in France with the beginning of the twenty first century, Sarkozy’s claim reflected growing frustration and intolerance towards visibility of religious symbols in public places amongst French politicians and society. It also brought back the issue of headscarves in schools. In effect, French President, Jacques Chirac formed a commission led by Bernard Stasi in order to investigate the implementation of laicite in French educational institutions. . Students, teachers, intellectuals and also the European Commission got involved in the work of Stasi’s Commission. Muslim girls chose to be interviewed undercover, as they wanted to voice their opinions about wearing the hijab anonymously. The report produced by Stasi’s Commission presented an in-depth study on the role that the hijab plays in the Muslim community. In reference to Islam, one of the most important results was that young Muslim girls, that used to grow up in a society dominated by western culture and values found difficult to reaffirm their identities as Muslims by the way they had to dress. Further, it showed that young Muslim girls were often not participating in classes such as P.E (physical education) as they were afraid of violence and assaults from Muslim men’s side. Moreover, Muslim girls often confessed that they were being forced to wear the hijab by their families and peer groups. The Stasi’s Report also drew open other issues su rrounding Muslim women such as female genital mutilation and forced marriages (Vaisse, 2004). The Stasi’s Report pointed out that the existence of religious symbols in schools was not compatible with the concept of laicite. The Report postulated that the veils were responsible for the alienation of women. As secularism and gender equality were regarded as the important features of laicite, the Report recommended banning religious symbols in schools[3] (Wing and Smith, 2006). It is important to add that the critics of the Stasi’s Report aimed to undermine the validity of the report. They postulated that the report was mainly based on western perceptions on the hijab and Muslim women. The link between forced marriages, female genital mutilation and the hijab, were all based upon the commission negative image of Islam, there was no empirical research to back their findings (Schiek and Lawson, 2011). Muslim women argue that the hijab is worn voluntarily and it brings them a sense of belonging and community (Schiek and Lawson, 2011). Following the Stasi’s Report, on February 10th, 2004, French National Assembly passed the law on the banning conspicuous religious symbols in schools. A huge majority of the Assembly, 494 members, were in favour of the ban, while only 36 members voted against the ban. At the same time, 31 members abstained from voting. Similarly, on March 3rd, 2004, the French Senate also passed the same legislation. 276 voters were in favour of the ban, while 20 of them voted against the ban (Weil, 2009). The implementation of the new law was preceded by three demonstrations, respectively, on December 21st, 2004; on January 17th, 2005; and on February 14th, 2005 that aimed to stop passing the law 2004-228. Mohammed Latreche, an Islamist activist mobilized and encouraged French citizens to participate in these demonstrations. He established a political party, Pati des msulman de France (the Party of French Muslims) with the headquarters in Strasburg. The demonstrations, showed the Muslim publ ics outrage at the law that was about to be passed. The legislative ban was regarded as an attack on Muslims with the Muslim society. Two girls even went as far as hunger strikes to show their opposition to the ban. Some posters propagated slangs such as ‘Stasi killed me’ and ‘1 veil= 1 vote’ (Bowen, 2007). Officially, the law was implemented on March 15th and it is known as the law 2004-228. Despite the demonstrations, the legislative ban in France has been largely supported by the French society. According to Pew Research Centre (2006) 78% of the French population have supported the ban, while only 22% of the population have regarded the banning as a bad idea. The concept of laicite and its impact on the banning of headscarves in France Many scholars (i.e. Wing and Smith, Scott) believe that the concept of laicite was a key factor behind the decision on the banning of headscarves in France. Laicite has a long tradition in France and hence, it is crucial to analyze its influence on the ban of religious symbols. As it was mentioned above, laicite, known also as a French secularism, postulates separation between the state and religion as well as freedom of religion (Tarhan, 2011). It can be viewed as passive neutrality or non-intervention by the state in the private religious domain. This interpretation suggests that the exercise of religion in the private sphere is permissible, and that the French state will not openly support overt religious practices in public spheres (Scott, 2005). Another interpretation of the laicite’ can be viewed as a more active secularism, in terms of which the nation is promoted as a fundamentally political society fiercely independent of any religious authority (Wing and Smith, 2006), and one in which the values of the state can be defended through the concept of Là ¢â‚¬â„¢ORDRE PUBLIC in order to justify interference where necessary with some religious organisations. This definition of laicite’ gives the government more control over public institutions and the amount of religious activity that goes on there, for example schools (Weil, 2009). The concept of laicite was developed during the French Revolution (1789). Initially it concerned the separation between the state and the Catholic Church, which played a major role in France in the seventeenth century. Revolutionaries aimed to redefine citizenship and nationhood and hence, to separate Catholicism from the French identity. New citizenship was meant to be universal, secular and inclusive. Instead, the French Revolution led to ‘xenophobic nationalism’ (Tarhan, 2011, p.4) which targeted foreigners as well as priests, rebels, political opponents and noblemen. Similarly, the Revolution started to reject religion rather than tolerate it. The laicisation of French public schools began with an article that was passed on June 28th, 1833. This law entailed that primary school teaching should have no religious affiliation. Further, laicite was implemented in France through the creation of the public school system, in the years 1881-2 with Jules Ferry’s public school laws (Bowen, 2007). However, despite these steps Catholicism remained an important element of French regime until the end of nineteenth century. More significant changes started in 1901 when France passed a new law, Law of Association according to which religious associations became obligated to have a state supervision. Further, in 1904 the religious communities were forbidden to provide education. In result, approximately 30,000 of clergy lost their teaching jobs and stopped taking salaries from the state. Nonetheless, the legislation passed in 1905, known as the Separation Act, is regarded as first meaningful success of secularists in France (Tarhan, 2011). The 1905 law has become the legal guideline for the separation of the state and the church. The word laicite did not appear in the 1905 law. However, the first article of the law emphasized freedom of religion in France, as it stated that: â€Å"the republic ensures freedom of conscience. It guarantees the free exerci se of religions with the sole restrictions decreed hereafter in the interest of public order† (Tarhan, 2011, p.7). The second article, in turn, declared that â€Å"The Republic does not recognize, fund or subsidize any religion. [†¦]State, departmental and commune budgets, together with all expenses relating to the exercise of religions will be abolished.† (Tarhan, 2011, p.7) and hence, it guaranteed state’s neutrality towards religions. The legislation from 1905 gave a political and legal character to the concept of laicite in France. More importantly, it indicated that laicite was a process that had emerged in France through the confrontation about national identity between Clerics and Republicans (Scott, 2005). Although the concept of laicite in France does not show any historical links to the Islam religion, the ban on religious symbols from 2004 seems to emphasize an impact of laicite on the French politics and tradition. Nowadays laicite is regarded in France as one of the foundations of French Republic and the French collective (national) identity (The Economist, 2004). It represents a sharp contrast to Anglo-American model of multiculturalism. French believe that laicite guarantees tolerance, freedom of religion, peace as well as social cohesion. Further, laicite postulates a sharp division between public and private spheres. Religion and ethnicity can be manifested in the private sphere. However, the only visible legitimate identity in the public sphere should be French national identity. Further, the laic state has right to interfere in the religious issues if the national unity and common values of the French Republic are threatened (Weil, 2009). According to the concept, Muslim soc iety should accept French norms and culture in order to become a part of French political unity. Nonetheless, Muslims have become a significant minority in France, unwilling to adopt French tradition and lifestyle. Instead, they strongly manifested own culture, tradition and identity (The Economist, 2004). Islam was perceived not only as a religion but also as a rigorous lifestyle that rejected Western values such as liberty, freedom and laicite. Muslims were often regarded as the extremist group. Hence, French started to perceive Muslims and Islam religion as the threads to the French national unity that had to be addressed and resolved. The debate on headscarves in France confirms this negative perception of Muslims within French society (Tarhan, 2011). With the exception of laicite, there were also other factors that had an influence on the ban of religious symbols in France. As stated in the Stasi’s Report, the ban aimed to empower Muslim women and to guarantee greater equality amongst the Muslim women and men. However, in this case, the ban was just a symbolic gesture, as it only applied to the young Muslim girls in public schools and did not affect adult Muslim women, working in some public places or just walking on the streets (Bowen, 2007). In contrast, there are several external factors that might have influenced the timing of headscarves debate in France. When the first debate on headscarves took place in 1989, the Communist system in the Central and Eastern Europe collapsed. Instead, the Europe experienced massive inflows of Muslim immigrants and spreading Islam religion across the European countries. Hence, Islam quickly started to be perceived as a thread to the Western values that replaced an old thread, communism . Further, in 1994 there was a civil war in Algeria, a former colony of France that was caused by the conflict between the secular military government of Algeria and Islamic fundamentalists. The Algerian conflict indicated a possibility of similar problems between the state and its largest religious minority in France. Finally, in 2003 the Europe was still strongly affected by the consequences of September 11th (2001). Additionally, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as the worsening of the conflict between Israel and Palestine resulted in sharp divergence between the West and Islam culture. At that time, French Muslims definitely identified with the Muslims in other parts of the world and the wearing of headscarves manifested such identification. French government, on the other hand, faced real threads of terrorism. Hence, the main principle of French defense became to prevent French citizens and institutions from potential challenges to their integrity (Scott, 2005). Conclusions To sum up, the ban of religious symbols in schools implemented in France in 2004 was very controversial and led to numerous protests and demonstrations in France. The supporters of the ban underlined the secular character of France and the need to separate religion from the public sector. The opponents, in turn, postulated a minor impact of the ban, as it only affected Muslim schoolgirls, constituting relatively insignificant percentage of Muslim female population in France. Without a doubt, laicite had a key impact on the legislative ban. However, the main factor behind the governmental decision was not separation between the religion and the state, regarded as a traditional element of the concept of laicite. In the contemporary France, key elements of laicite have become nation identity and unity. As the French society was characterized by a strong division on Muslims and non-Muslims as well as by strengthening Muslim influences, the French conservative government of Chirac has become responsible for protecting the French national identity. The ban was believed to be a successful tool to achieve this goal. Except laicite, there was a number of international events such as Afghan war, Iraqi war or Israeli-Palestinian conflict that strengthened Islamophobic in Western countries, in particular in secular France that has always been characterized by the opposition to multiculturalism and foreignness. Although some scholars postulate that gender equality wa s also a factor influencing French decision on the ban, there is no strong evidence to support this claim. In fact, the ban affected only small number of young Muslim girls being in public education. Nowadays it is certain that Muslims have to accept cosmopolitan values and freethinking if they aim to stay in the Western countries. Currently a number of Western countries such as United Kingdom, Spain or Germany have been characterized by a trap of two conflicting cultures. However, forcing Muslims to go against their religious practices, as applied in France seems to be counterproductive. The ban of religious symbols in France led to the riots (2005) in so-called les cites, ghettos focusing North Africans and Arabs that spread around the major French cities. During these riots two Muslim teenagers were accidently killed. However, the ban of religious symbols could have disastrous consequences. Young Muslims, rejected by the French government and regarded as a second-class society, often accept extremism and violence as the solution of their problems. The example of the United States demonstrates prominently the negative consequences of rejecting and underestimating its ethnic min ority. The young, radical Muslims in the US, trained by the conservative European imams became responsible for the dramatic events from September 11th (Kiersh, 2008). The French government should have learnt a lesson from the United States and should stop pushing its Muslim society towards extremism and encouraging violence amongst them. Instead, the French government should establish a long-term strategy in order to incorporate their Muslim minority into the environment they regard as unfriendly. The government must develop new, comprehensive measures that will help Muslims to identify with the rest of the French society and to become involved in various aspects of French lifestyle. In order to achieve these goals, the French government must focus on the reduction of job and housing discrimination in the first place as well as on changing the attitudes within the French policy towards Muslim male immigrants. The French government can expect that other European governments (in particular British, German and Spanish governments) will be also willing to address the problem of separation between Muslims and mainstream society, as they struggle with the same problem. Together, these countries have enough resources to implement reforms and changes so that the Muslims can assimilate with the rest of the societies. Also the United States could probably get involved in such a cross-countries program in the framework of the War on Terror. Without a doubt, the European governments would be more willing to accept such a form of terrorism fighting rather than military interventions in the Middle East. The following concept requires in-depth analyzes and detailed policy planning. However, it would definitely bring larger and more positive outcomes than the ban of religious symbols in public schools (Kiersh, 2008). List of references: Astier, H., (2004). The deep Roots of French Secularism [online] available from: (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Bowen, J., (2007). Why the French do not like the Headscarves. New Jersey: Princeton University CIA, (2012). The World Factbook: France [online] Available from: (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Kiersh, A., (2008). Why the Headscarf Ban is wrong for France [online] Available from: (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Morin, R. and Horowitz, J., (2006). European debate the Scarf and the Veil [online] Available from: (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Scott, J., (2005). Symptomatic Politics: The Banning of Islamic Head Scarves in French Public Schools. New Jersey: Institute for Advanced Study. Schiek, D and Lawson, A., (2011). European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination. London: Ashgate Publishing. Syed, , (2001). Women in Islam: Hijab [online] Available from: (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Tarhan, G., (2011). Roots of the Headscarf Debate: Laicism and Secularism in France and Turkey. Journal of Political Inquiry, 4, p. 1-32. The Economist, (2004). The war of the headscarves [online] Available from: (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Vaisse, J., (2004). Veiled Meaning: the French Law Banning Religious Symbols in Public Schools. Washington: The Brookings Institute. Weil, P., (2009). Why the French Laicite is liberalCardozon Law Review, 30(6), p.2699-2714. Wing, A. and Smith, M., (2006). Critical Race Feminism Lifts in Veil?: Muslim, Women, France and the Headscarf Ban. California: UC Davis. [1] The headscarf wore by Muslim women is commonly known as hijab in the Europe. However, Quran uses two Arabic terms: â€Å"khimar† and â€Å"jilbaab† in reference to headscarf or veil. [2] The concept of French laicite will be discussed in details in the next chapter. [3] It is worth adding that Stasi’s Report also postulated the recognition of majority religious feasts as public holiday. However, this law was not passed.